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Remdesivir for COVID-19
68 studies from 1,050 scientists
185,086 patients in 22 countries
Statistically significant lower risk for recovery.
22 studies from 19 teams in 8 countries show statistically significant improvements.
Studies show significantly increased risk of acute kidney injury.
COVID-19 Remdesivir studies. Mar 2024. c19early.org
0 0.5 1 1.5+ All studies 6% With exclusions 6% Mortality 6% Hospitalization -8% Viral clearance 10% RCTs 12% RCT mortality 9% Early 35% Late 5% Favorsremdesivir Favorscontrol
Studies show significantly increased risk of acute kidney injury Gérard, Wu, Zhou. Recent:
Yoshida
Briciu
Wilcock
Soltani
Bacigalupo
Chang
Pochtovyi.
Remdesivir has been officially adopted in all or part of 40 countries. Submit updates/corrections.
Mar 18
Covid Analysis Remdesivir for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 68 studies
Meta analysis shows 6% [-1‑14%] lower mortality, and pooled analysis using the most serious outcome reported shows 6% [-1‑12%] lower risk, without reaching statistical significance. While studies to date show a small..
Mar 7
Lewandowski et al., Biomedicines, doi:10.3390/biomedicines12030605 Insulin and Metformin Administration: Unravelling the Multifaceted Association with Mortality across Various Clinical Settings Considering Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19
21% higher mortality (p=0.55). Retrospective 430 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes in Poland showing lower mortality with metformin and higher mortality with remdesivir, convalescent plasma, and aspirin in univariable analysis. These results were not..
Feb 28
Sokolski et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-55407-9 Antiplatelet therapy prior to COVID-19 infection impacts on patients mortality: a propensity score-matched cohort study
no change in mortality (p=1). Retrospective 2,170 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing no difference in mortality with remdesivir in unadjusted results.
Feb 6
Yoshida et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3899998/v1 Real-world Efficacy of Ensitrelvir in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Japan: A Retrospective Observational Study
Retrospective 154 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Japan showing faster viral clearance and shorter hospitalization with ensitrelvir treatment compared to remdesivir or molnupiravir. There was no significant difference for fever resoluti..
Jan 26
Wilcock et al., JAMA Health Forum, doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2023.5044 Clinical Risk and Outpatient Therapy Utilization for COVID-19 in the Medicare Population
Analysis of Medicare beneficiaries in 2022 showing that outpatient COVID-19 treatments like antivirals and monoclonal antibodies were disproportionately used by patients at lower risk of severe infection and outcomes. Retrospective studie..
Jan 15
Liao et al., BMC Pulmonary Medicine, doi:10.1186/s12890-024-02850-z Clinical characteristics and outcomes among critically ill patients with cancer and COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure
25% higher mortality (p=0.67). Retrospective study of 215 critically ill COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure showing higher mortality for cancer patients. Remdesivir was used more for non-survivors, without statistical significance. Most patients received remdes..
Dec 29
2023
Chang et al., Medicine, doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000036777 The association between COVID-19 vaccination and confirmed patients with hospitalization in Omicron era: A retrospective study
185% higher mortality (p=0.04). Retrospective 209 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Taiwan showing higher mortality with a 5-day course of remdesivir compared to other antivirals or no antiviral treatment in multivariable analysis. Adjustments include qSOFA and CCI, wit..
Dec 19
2023
Muntean et al., Pharmaceuticals, doi:10.3390/ph17010003 Effects of COVID-19 on the Liver and Mortality in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Caused by Delta and Non-Delta Variants: An Analysis in a Single Centre
45% higher mortality (p=0.03). Retrospective 551 severe/critical COVID-19 patients showing higher mortality and higher risk of drug induced liver injury with remdesivir. Authors appear to have reversed the OR for remdesivir - use was more common in non-survivors (61% v..
Dec 14
2023
Briciu et al., Pathogens, doi:10.3390/pathogens12121453 Evolving Clinical Manifestations and Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients: A Comparative Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Variant Waves in a Romanian Hospital Setting
Retrospective 9,049 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Romania showing increased risk of acute kidney injury and liver injury with remdesivir treatment.
Dec 14
2023
Seah et al., Health Science Reports, doi:10.1002/hsr2.1698 Remdesivir therapy for severe pediatric COVID‐19 in Singapore: A single‐center retrospective observational cohort study
129% worse recovery (p=0.57). Retrospective 15 pediatric patients hospitalized for severe COVID-19 requiring oxygen and high dependency/intensive care unit (HD/ICU) admission in Singapore, showing no improvement in deescalation from HD/ICU care with remdesivir, howeve..
Dec 6
2023
Bacigalupo et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1287542 Unveiling patenting strategies of therapeutics and vaccines: evergreening in the context of COVID-19 pandemic
Review of the patenting activity and evergreening approaches for three major COVID-19 antiviral medications – remdesivir, molnupiravir, and favipiravir. Authors found extensive primary and secondary patent filing, with 29 applications cov..
Nov 21
2023
Soltani et al., The Journal of Tehran University Heart Center, doi:10.18502/jthc.v18i3.14114 The Association between Acute Cardiac Injury and Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: Long-term Follow-up Results from the Sina Hospital COVID-19 Registry, Iran
Retrospective 1,413 hospitalized COVID-19 patients evaluating the association between acute cardiac injury (ACI) and outcomes. Authors include a multivariable analysis showing lower risk of ACI with HCQ and higher risk with remdesivir, wi..
Nov 1
2023
Amirizadeh et al., Health Science Reports, doi:10.1002/hsr2.1676 The effect of remdesivir on mortality and the outcome of patients with COVID‐19 in intensive care unit: A case–control study
3% higher mortality (p=1), 52% longer ventilation (p=0.17), 27% longer ICU admission (p=0.23), and 24% longer hospitalization (p=0.22). Retrospective 70 COVID-19 ICU patients, 35 receiving remdesivir plus standard treatment and 35 receiving standard treatment only. No significant differences were found for mortality, hospitalization time, ICU time, or ventilation time.
Oct 31
2023
Ho et al., HCA Healthcare Journal of Medicine, doi:10.36518/2689-0216.1546 A Retrospective Cohort Study Assessing the Impact of Statin Therapy on Hospital Length of Stay and Inpatient Mortality in COVID-19 Patients
62% higher mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 26,445 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the USA, showing higher mortality with remdesivir.
Sep 28
2023
Pochtovyi et al., Vaccines, doi:10.3390/vaccines11101533 In Vitro Efficacy of Antivirals and Monoclonal Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Lineages XBB.1.9.1, XBB.1.9.3, XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16, XBB.2.4, BQ.1.1.45, CH.1.1, and CL.1
In Vitro study showing sharply reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants XBB.1.9.1, XBB.1.9.3, XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16, XBB.2.4, BQ.1.1.45, CH.1.1, and CL.1 with monoclonal antibodies cilgavimab, tixagevimab, imdevimab, etsevimab, casirivim..
Sep 26
2023
Hagman et al., Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, doi:10.1093/jac/dkad295 Effects of remdesivir on SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics and mortality in viraemic patients hospitalized for COVID-19
no change in mortality (p=0.97), 40% higher progression (p=0.31), and 29% improved viral clearance (p=0.11). Retrospective 318 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Sweden, showing improvements in viral clearance but no improvement for mortality with remdesivir treatment.
Sep 25
2023
Burhan et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290964 Characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe COVID-19 in Indonesia: Lessons from the first wave
15% higher mortality (p=0.23). Retrospective 559 COVID-19 ICU patients in Indonesia, showing higher mortality with remdesivir in unadjusted results, without statistical significance. Note that confounding by indication should be less significant for ICU studies compare..
Sep 16
2023
Mohd Abd Razak et al., Natural Product Communications, doi:10.1177/1934578X231188861 In Vitro Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activities of Curcumin and Selected Phenolic Compounds
In vitro study showing that of 9 phenolic compounds tested, only curcumin inhibited SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effects in infected monkey kidney Vero E6 cells. Curcumin showed antiviral activity against wildtype, alpha, delta, and omicron vari..
Aug 12
2023
Nadeem et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.43389 Effects of Different Anticoagulation Doses on Moderate-to-Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia With Hypoxemia
12% higher mortality (p=1). Retrospective 132 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the USA, showing no significant difference in mortality with remdesivir in unadjusted results.
Aug 9
2023
Mozaffari et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciad460 Remdesivir reduced mortality in immunocompromised patients hospitalized for COVID-19 across variant waves: Findings from routine clinical practice.
25% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 19,184 immunocompromised patients treated with remdesivir and matched controls, showing lower mortality with treatment. Several authors work at Gilead and the study was funded by Gilead. The majority of patients were treated..
Jul 20
2023
Jittamala et al., The Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/infdis/jiad275 Clinical antiviral efficacy of remdesivir in COVID-19: an open label, randomized, controlled adaptive platform trial (PLATCOV)
29% improved viral clearance (p<0.0001). High conflict of interest RCT with very low risk patients with high existing immunity, showing faster viral clearance with remdesivir. The viral clearance half-life was very short in both arms. With rapid viral clearance and very low risk..
Jul 17
2023
Shamsi et al., Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, doi:10.1155/2023/5205188 Survival and Mortality in Hospitalized Children with COVID-19: A Referral Center Experience in Yazd, Iran
23% higher mortality (p=0.63). Retrospective 183 hospitalized pediatric COVID-19 patients in Iran, showing no significant difference in mortality with in unadjusted results.
Jun 14
2023
Shi et al., Journal of Korean Medical Science, doi:10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e217 Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Mortality in Critical COVID-19 Patients Aged 50 Years or Younger During Omicron Wave in Korea: Comparison With Patients Older Than 50 Years of Age
Retrospective 213 critical COVID-19 patients in South Korea, reporting no significant difference in mortality with remdesivir treatment (results not provided).
Jun 10
2023
Wade et al., Value in Health, doi:10.1016/j.jval.2023.03.2056 Variation in Demographic Characteristics, Socioeconomic Status, Clinical Presentation and Selected Treatments in Mortality Among Patients with a Diagnosis of COVID-19 in the United States
Retrospective analysis of mortality for COVID-19 patients in the USA. Authors do not provide adjusted results, preventing any strong evidence. However it is notable that, despite comparable treatment frequencies, the mortality for patient..
Jun 1
2023
Rudraraju et al., Stem Cell Reports, doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.05.007 Parallel use of human stem cell lung and heart models provide insights for SARS-CoV-2 treatment
In Vitro study showing that SARS-CoV-2 cell entry differs across cell types. ACE2 was required for infection in both lung and cardiac cells, but TMPRSS2 cleavage was required in lung cells, while the endosomal pathway was required in card..
May 19
2023
Bavaro et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v15051199 Efficacy of Remdesivir and Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies in Monotherapy or Combination Therapy in Reducing the Risk of Disease Progression in Elderly or Immunocompromised Hosts Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Single Center Retrospective Study
7% lower severe cases (p=0.001). Retrospective 331 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Italy, showing lower progression with remdesivir. Combination therapy with mAbs was more effective, and improved results were seen for immunocompromised patients.
May 4
2023
Arfijanto et al., Pathophysiology, doi:10.3390/pathophysiology30020016 Duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Shedding Is Significantly Influenced by Disease Severity, Bilateral Pulmonary Infiltrates, Antibiotic Treatment, and Diabetic Status: Consideration for Isolation Period
1% improved viral clearance (p=1). Retrospective 162 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Indonesia, showing no significant difference in delayed viral clearance with remdesivir treatment in unadjusted results.
Mar 29
2023
Aweimer et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-023-31944-7 Mortality rates of severe COVID-19-related respiratory failure with and without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the Middle Ruhr Region of Germany
13% higher mortality (p=0.33). Retrospective 149 patients under invasive mechanical ventilation in Germany showing no significant difference in mortality with remdesivir in unadjusted results.
Mar 16
2023
Chew et al., Pathogens, doi:10.3390/pathogens12030473 Clinical Predictors for Abnormal ALT in Patients Infected with COVID-19—A Retrospective Single Centre Study
68% higher progression (p=0.4). Retrospective 163 COVID-19 patients in Singapore, showing increased risk of liver injury (abnormal ALT) with acetaminophen in a dose-dependent manner, and with remdesivir, without statistical significance in both cases.
Mar 15
2023
Kim et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm12062279 Clinical Outcome and Prognosis of a Nosocomial Outbreak of COVID-19
1612% higher mortality (p=0.22). Retrospective 167 nosocomial COVID-19 patients in South Korea, showing higher mortality with remdesivir treatment, without statistical significance.
Feb 28
2023
Punzalan et al., Frontiers in Immunology, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123497 Utility of laboratory and immune biomarkers in predicting disease progression and mortality among patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease at a Philippine tertiary hospital
42% higher mortality (p=0.12) and 59% higher progression (p=0.001). Prospective study of 400 hospitalized patients in the Philippines, showing higher progression with remdesivir in unadjusted results, without statistical significance.
Feb 21
2023
Mitsushima et al., International Journal of General Medicine, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S394413 Risk of Underlying Diseases and Effectiveness of Drugs on COVID-19 Inpatients Assessed Using Medical Claims in Japan: Retrospective Observational Study
44% higher mortality (p=0.01). Retrospective 18,566 hospitalized patients in Japan, showing higher mortality with remdesivir treatment.
Feb 15
2023
Alshamrani et al., Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2023.02.004 Comprehensive evaluation of six interventions for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A propensity score matching study
17% lower mortality (p=0.003), 4% lower progression (p=0.12), 43% longer ICU admission (p=0.003), and 7% shorter hospitalization (p=0.25). PSM retrospective 29 hospitals in Saudi Arabia, showing lower mortality with remdesivir treatment.
Feb 13
2023
Karimi et al., Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, doi:10.17582/journal.aavs/2023/11.3.404.409 The Potential of Melatonin and N-Acetylcysteine on Remdesivir Induced Liver Injury in Covid 19 Patients
RCT 70 hospitalized COVID-19 patients evaluating the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and melatonin on liver injury induced by remdesivir treatment. NAC 600mg twice daily and melatonin 6mg daily. All patients received remdesivir. Liver e..
Feb 9
2023
Hartantri et al., The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia, doi:10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100167 Clinical and treatment factors associated with the mortality of COVID-19 patients admitted to a referral hospital in Indonesia
11% lower mortality (p=0.84). Retrospective 689 hospitalized patients in Indonesia, showing no significant difference in mortality with remdesivir treatment.
Jan 20
2023
Ong et al., Acta Oncologica, doi:10.1080/0284186X.2023.2169079 A cohort study of COVID-19 infection in pediatric oncology patients plus the utility and safety of remdesivir treatment
75% slower recovery (p=0.6), 56% longer hospitalization (p=0.31), and 61% slower viral clearance (p=0.14). Retrospective 18 immunocompromised pediatric COVID-19 patients in Singapore, showing slower viral clearance with remdesivir, without statistical significance.
Nov 10
2022
De Forni et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276751 Synergistic drug combinations designed to fully suppress SARS-CoV-2 in the lung of COVID-19 patients
Vero E6 In Vitro study showing remdesivir and ivermectin or azithromycin to be highly synergistic with 4-13 times lower concentration required for 100% inhibition.
Sep 15
2022
Behboodikhah et al., Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science, doi:10.1007/s40995-022-01351-0 Evaluation of the Costs and Outcomes of COVID-19 Therapeutic Regimens in Hospitalized Patients in Shiraz
38% lower mortality (p=0.21). Retrospective 2,174 hospitalized patients showing no significant differences with remdesivir treatment.
Sep 9
2022
Kneidinger et al., Infection, doi:10.1007/s15010-022-01914-8 Outcome of lung transplant recipients infected with SARS-CoV-2/Omicron/B.1.1.529: a Nationwide German study
20% lower severe cases (p=0.71). Retrospective 218 COVID+ lung transplant patients in Germany, showing no significant difference in severe cases with early remdesivir use.
Sep 6
2022
Oku et al., Modern Rheumatology, doi:10.1093/mr/roac104 Risk factors for hospitalization or mortality for COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic diseases: Results of a nation-wide JCR COVID-19 registry in Japan
40% higher mortality (p=0.59). Retrospective 220 COVID-19 patients with rheumatic disease in Japan, showing no significant difference in mortality with remdesivir treatment.
Aug 26
2022
Raad et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.08.25.22279181 International Multicenter Study Comparing Cancer to Non-Cancer Patients with COVID-19: Impact of Risk Factors and Treatment Modalities on Survivorship
42% lower mortality (p=0.009). Retrospective 3,966 COVID-19 patients, 1,115 with cancer, showing lower mortality with remdesivir and higher mortality with convalescent plasma.
Aug 25
2022
Bowen et al., Open Forum Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac436 Reduction in risk of death among patients admitted with COVID-19 between first and second epidemic waves in New York City
57% higher mortality (p=0.0001). Retrospective 4,631 hospitalized patients in New York, showing higher mortality with remdesivir, and lower mortality with HCQ. Authors suggest that increased mortality during the first epidemic wave was partly due to strain on hospital re..
Aug 1
2022
Piccicacco et al., Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, doi:10.1093/jac/dkac256 Real-world effectiveness of early remdesivir and sotrovimab in the highest-risk COVID-19 outpatients during the Omicron surge
30% lower hospitalization (p=0.47), 52% fewer combined hospitalization/ER visits (p=0.05), and 78% lower progression (p=0.03). Retrospective high-risk outpatients in the USA, 82 treated with remdesivir, 88 with sotrovimab, and 90 control patients, showing significantly lower combined hospitalization/ER visits with both treatments in unadjusted results. The domina..
Jul 14
2022
Malundo et al., IJID Regions, doi:10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.07.009 Predictors of Mortality among inpatients with COVID-19 Infection in a Tertiary Referral Center in the Philippines
17% higher mortality (p=0.45). Retrospective 1,215 hospitalized patients in the Phillipines, showing no significant difference in outcomes with remdesivir or HCQ use in unadjusted results subject to confounding by indication.
May 31
2022
Leo et al., Digestive and Liver Disease, doi:10.1016/j.dld.2021.12.014 Hepatocellular liver injury in hospitalized patients affected by COVID-19: Presence of different risk factors at different time points
416% higher progression (p=0.04). Retrospective 292 patients in Switzerland showing liver damage associated with acetaminophen treatment and remdesivir treatment.
May 13
2022
Zangeneh et al., Obesity Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2022.100420 Survival analysis based on body mass index in patients with Covid-19 admitted to the intensive care unit of Amir Al-Momenin Hospital in Arak – 2021
32% lower mortality (p=0.06). Retrospective 193 ICU patients in Iran, showing lower mortality with remdesivir treatment, not reaching statistical significance.
Apr 2
2022
Delandre et al., Pharmaceuticals, doi:10.3390/ph15040445 Antiviral Activity of Repurposing Ivermectin against a Panel of 30 Clinical SARS-CoV-2 Strains Belonging to 14 Variants
In Vitro study with 30 COVID-19 strains from 14 variants, showing stronger efficacy with ivermectin compared to CQ and remdesivir, and relatively homogeneous efficacy with ivermectin regardless of strain/variant, in contrast to results fo..
Mar 25
2022
Wu et al., Frontiers in Pharmacology, doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.692828 Acute Kidney Injury Associated With Remdesivir: A Comprehensive Pharmacovigilance Analysis of COVID-19 Reports in FAERS
FAERS disproportionality analysis identifying a significant association between remdesivir and AKI, PSM ROR 3.85 [3.11-4.78].
Mar 17
2022
Zhou et al., Frontiers in Pharmacology, doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.833679 Acute Kidney Injury and Drugs Prescribed for COVID-19 in Diabetes Patients: A Real-World Disproportionality Analysis
FAERS analysis showing significantly increased risk of acute kidney injury with remdesivir.
Mar 14
2022
Elec et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2022.03.015 COVID-19 and Kidney Transplantation: The impact of remdesivir on renal function and outcome - a retrospective cohort study
19% lower mortality (p=0.66), 11% lower ventilation (p=0.73), and 72% higher ICU admission (p=0.01). Retrospective 165 hospitalized COVID-19+ kidney transplant patients, 38 treated with remdesivir, showing no significant difference in mortality, higher ICU admission, and lower ICU mortality. Subject to confounding by time with significan..
Mar 11
2022
Salehi et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1362678/v1 Risk factors of death in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients: a retrospective multi-center study
37% lower mortality (p=0.01). Retrospective 125 mechanically ventilated ICU patients in Iran, showing lower mortality with remdesivir treatment in unadjusted results.
Feb 28
2022
Siraj et al., Indian Journal of Clinical Practice, 32:9 Efficacy of Various Treatment Modalities on Patient-related Outcome in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients – A Retrospective Study
53% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 1,000 COVID+ hospitalized patients in India, showing lower mortality with famotidine and remdesivir in multivariable logistic regression.
Feb 28
2022
Kurniyanto et al., Journal of Clinical Virology Plus, doi:10.1016/j.jcvp.2022.100068 Factors Associated with Death and ICU Referral among COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized in the Secondary Referral Academic Hospital in East Jakarta, Indonesia
460% higher mortality (p=0.0009). Retrospective 477 hospitalized patients in Indonesia, showing higher mortality with remdesivir in unadjusted results.
Jan 19
2022
Ali et al., Canadian Medical Association Journal, doi:10.1503/cmaj.211698 Remdesivir for the treatment of patients in hospital with COVID-19 in Canada: a randomized controlled trial
12% lower mortality (p=0.21), 47% lower ventilation (p=0.0003), 9% improved recovery (p=0.41), and 11% longer hospitalization (p=0.04). RCT 1,282 hospitalized patients in Canada showing lower mechanical ventilation with remdesivir treatment, but no significant difference for mortality.
Dec 30
2021
Vermillion et al., Science Translational Medicine, doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abl8282 Inhaled remdesivir reduces viral burden in a nonhuman primate model of SARS-CoV-2 infection
African green monkey study of inhaled versus IV remdesivir, showing similar efficacy with inhalation. Comparable concentrations of the active triphosphate in the lower respiratory tract were found with ~20x lower dose using inhalation, an..
Dec 29
2021
Mustafa et al., Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2021.100101 Pattern of medication utilization in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in three District Headquarters Hospitals in the Punjab province of Pakistan
33% lower mortality (p=0.21). Retrospective 444 hospitalized patients in Pakistan, showing lower mortality with remdesivir treatment in unadjusted results, not reaching statistical significance.
Dec 22
2021
Gottlieb et al., New England Journal of Medicine, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2116846 Early Remdesivir to Prevent Progression to Severe Covid-19 in Outpatients
87% lower combined mortality/hospitalization (p=0.008), 72% lower hospitalization (p=0.009), and 29% improved recovery (p=0.31). RCT high-risk outpatients, 279 treated with remdesivir and 283 control patients, median 5 days from symptoms, showing significantly lower hospitalization with treatment.
Dec 13
2021
Jamir et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.20394 Determinants of Outcome Among Critically Ill Police Personnel With COVID-19: A Retrospective Observational Study From Andhra Pradesh, India
8% lower mortality (p=0.77). Retrospective 266 COVID-19 ICU patients in India, showing significantly lower mortality with PVP-I oral gargling and topical nasal use, and non-statistically significant higher mortality with ivermectin and lower mortality with remdesivir.
Nov 12
2021
Schmidt et al., JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.34330 Association Between Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Mortality Among Patients With Prostate Cancer and COVID-19
509% higher severe cases (p<0.0001). Retrospective 1,106 prostate cancer patients, showing higher mortality with remdesivir treatment.
Oct 1
2021
Mozaffari et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciab875 Remdesivir treatment in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a comparative analysis of in-hospital all-cause mortality in a large multi-center observational cohort
12% lower mortality (p=0.003). Retrospective 28,855 remdesivir patients with PSM matched controls, showing lower mortality with treatment.
Sep 14
2021
Ader et al., Lancet Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00485-0 Remdesivir plus standard of care versus standard of care alone for the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (DisCoVeRy): a phase 3, randomised, controlled, open-label trial
6% lower mortality (p=0.77) and 10% improved 7-point scale results (p=0.39). RCT 857 hospitalized patients, showing no significant differences with remdesivir treatment. EudraCT2020-000936-23.
Sep 10
2021
Abd-Elsalam et al., The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, doi:10.4269/ajtmh.21-0606 Remdesivir Efficacy in COVID-19 Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial
This paper was retracted.
Aug 19
2021
Diaz et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciab698 Remdesivir and Mortality in Patients with COVID-19
35% lower mortality (p=0.01). Retrospective 1138 hospitalized patients in the USA, 286 treated with remdesivir, showing lower mortality with treatment. Age was not included in the adjustments (authors excluded variables that contributed to another score, in this case ..
Aug 16
2021
Eldeen et al., Microbes and Infectious Diseases, doi:10.21608/mid.2021.85877.1177 Comparative study between the therapeutic effect of remdesivir versus hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 hospitalized patients
Small study comparing 25 HCQ and 25 remdesivir hospitalized patients, reporting faster viral clearance with remdesivir. The article proof is missing the results for the HCQ group. Confounding by time is likely - remdesivir patients were a..
Aug 13
2021
Hosseini et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.08.13.21261992 Another step toward final call on Remdesivir efficacy as a treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a multicenter open-label trial
Single arm remdesivir trial with 145 hospitalized patients showing no statistically significant difference between "early" and "late" administration, however the treatment delays may be better described as late and ver..
Aug 9
2021
Kuno et al., Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, doi:10.1093/jac/dkab256 The association of remdesivir and in-hospital outcomes for COVID-19 patients treated with steroids
1% lower mortality (p=0.96), no change in ventilation (p=1), and 17% higher ICU admission (p=0.05). PSM retrospective 3,372 hospitalized patients in the USA treated with steroids, showing no significant difference in mortality with remdesivir, but a lower risk of acute kidney injury.
Aug 5
2021
Anseems et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD014962 Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19
Review of 5 RCTs prior to April 17, 2021 showing mortality RR 0.93 [0.81-1.06] for hospitalized patients.
Jul 19
2021
Madan et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.21260600 Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19 disease: A retrospective comparative study of patients treated with and without Remdesivir
44% lower mortality (p=0.03). Retrospective 1,262 hospitalized patients, 398 treated with remdesivir, showing unadjusted lower mortality with treatment, and a treatment delay-response relationship.
Jul 15
2021
Ohl et al., JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14741 Association of Remdesivir Treatment With Survival and Length of Hospital Stay Among US Veterans Hospitalized With COVID-19
6% higher mortality (p=0.66) and 100% longer hospitalization (p=0.001). Retrospective 5,898 hospitalized patients in the USA, 2,374 receiving remdesivir treatment, showing no significant difference in mortality, and a longer time to hospital discharge with treatment.
Jul 13
2021
Barrat-Due et al., Annals of Internal Medicine, doi:10.7326/M21-0653 Evaluation of the Effects of Remdesivir and Hydroxychloroquine on Viral Clearance in COVID-19
no change in mortality (p=1). Small RCT in Norway with 52 HCQ and 42 remdesivir patients, showing no significant differences with treatment. Add-on trial to WHO Solidarity. NCT04321616.
Jun 21
2021
Arch et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.06.18.21259072 Evaluation of the effectiveness of remdesivir in treating severe COVID-19 using data from the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK: a prospective, national cohort study
20% lower mortality (p=0.03) and 68% higher ventilation (p=0.003). Prospective PSM analysis of remdesivir use in the UK showing statistically significantly lower mortality at 28 days. For unspecified reasons, the study prioritized short-term outcomes. Mortality at 14 days was also lower but not statistic..
May 26
2021
Pourhoseingholi et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-365321/v2 Case Characteristics, Clinical Data, And Outcomes of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients In Qom Province, Iran: A Prospective Cohort Study
2% higher mortality (p=0.92). Prospective study of 2,468 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Iran, showing no significant difference with remdesivir treatment. IR.MUQ.REC.1399.013.
May 4
2021
Liao et al., Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2021.04.026 Assessing Efficacy of Antiviral Therapy for COVID-19 Patients: A Case Study on Remdesivir with Bayesian Synthesis Design and Multistate Analysis
Bayesian synthesis design and multistate analysis of remdesivir results showing 31% [18-44%] lower risk of death and 10% [1-18%] higher recovery.
Apr 30
2021
Elhadi et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251085 Epidemiology, outcomes, and utilization of intensive care unit resources for critically ill COVID-19 patients in Libya: A prospective multi-center cohort study
11% higher mortality (p=0.65). Prospective study of 465 COVID-19 ICU patients in Libya showing no significant differences with treatment.
Apr 29
2021
Aghajani et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.27053 Decreased In-Hospital Mortality Associated with Aspirin Administration in Hospitalized Patients Due to Severe COVID-19
19% lower mortality (p=0.49). Retrospective 991 hospitalized patients in Iran focusing on aspirin use but also showing results for HCQ, remdesivir, and favipiravir.
Apr 7
2021
Mulhem et al., BMJ Open, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042042 3219 hospitalised patients with COVID-19 in Southeast Michigan: a retrospective case cohort study
86% higher mortality (p=0.54). Retrospective database analysis of 3,219 hospitalized patients in the USA. Very different results in the time period analysis (Table S2), and results significantly different to other studies for the same medications (e.g., heparin OR 3.06..
Mar 20
2021
Mahajan et al., Indian Journal of Anasthesia, doi:10.4103/ija.IJA_149_21 Clinical outcomes of using remdesivir in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19: A prospective randomised study
76% higher mortality (p=0.47) and 112% higher ventilation (p=0.42). Small RCT with 34 remdesivir patients and 36 controls finding no significant difference in clinical outcomes.
Mar 10
2021
Tsuzuki et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2022.02.039 (date from preprint) Efficacy of remdesivir in hospitalized nonsevere COVID-19 patients in Japan: A large observational study using the COVID-19 Registry Japan
4% higher mortality (p=0.21), 2% lower ventilation (p=0.68), and 15% lower progression (p=0.68). Retrospective database analysis of 12,487 hospitalized patients in Japan, showing lower risk of oxygen requirement, but no significant difference in mortality or ventilation/ECMO.
Mar 9
2021
Goldberg et al., Clinical Microbiology and Infection, doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.029 A real-life setting evaluation of the effect of remdesivir on viral load in COVID-19 patients admitted to a large tertiary center in Israel
9% shorter hospitalization (p=0.77) and no change in viral clearance (p=0.98). Retrospective 29 remdesivir patients and 113 controls, not finding a significant difference in nasopharyngeal viral load or hospitalization time. Hospitalization time was lower with treatment, with a larger reduction for non-intubated pat..
Mar 8
2021
Fateh et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.21251351 A single-center retrospective cohort study of Covid-19 medications: Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Methylprednisolone, Dexamethasone, and Interferon β1a and their combinations
Retrospective 324 hospitalized patients in Iran reporting on the use remdesivir, favipiravir, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, and interferon β1a and their combinations. There is no control group in this study, however authors suggest t..
Feb 28
2021
Yeramaneni et al., Gastroenterology, doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.011 Famotidine Use Is Not Associated With 30-day Mortality: A Coarsened Exact Match Study in 7158 Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 From a Large Healthcare System
24% higher mortality (p=0.87). Retrospective 7,158 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the USA analyzing famotidine treatment, showing no significant difference in mortality with associated remdesivir treatment.
Feb 27
2021
Touafchia et al., Clinical Microbiology and Infection, doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.013 Serious bradycardia and remdesivir for coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19): a new safety concerns
Comparison of bradycardia in COVID-19 patients treated with remdesivir compared to those treated with HCQ, lopinavir/ritonavir, tocilizumab or glucocorticoids, finding increased risk of bradycardia with remdesivir.
Dec 28
2020
Shen et al., Fundamentals of Clinical Pharmacology, doi:10.1111/fcp.12643 Remdesivir potently inhibits carboxylesterase-2 through covalent modifications: signifying strong drug-drug interactions
Analysis finding that remdesivir at nanomolar concentrations inhibits carboxylesterase-2 (CES2) through covalent modifications. CES2 is a major drug metabolizing enzyme. Authors conclude that caution must be exercised when remdesivir is u..
Dec 24
2020
Jeffreys et al., International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106542 (date from preprint) Remdesivir-ivermectin combination displays synergistic interaction with improved in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2
In Vitro study showing enhanced antiviral activity of ivermectin and remdesivir in combination.
Dec 19
2020
Gérard et al., Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, doi:10.1002/cpt.2145 Remdesivir and Acute Renal Failure: A Potential Safety Signal From Disproportionality Analysis of the WHO Safety Database
VigiBase retrospective showing a 20x increase in the risk of acute renal failure with remdesivir.
Nov 29
2020
Ullah et al., International Journal of Sciences, doi:10.18483/ijSci.2417 Efficacy of Remdesivir in Covid-19 Patients; Multicenter Study in Lahore
100% higher mortality (p=0.33) and 250% higher ventilation (p=0.15). Small late stage (hospitalized, <12 days symptoms) remdesivir study showing non-statistically significant higher mortality with treatment. No adjustments were made for differences in the groups. Remdesivir mean age was 49 vs. control 57. ..
Nov 20
2020
Garibaldi et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.19.20234153 Effectiveness of remdesivir with and without dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID-19
20% lower mortality (p=0.44) and 35% greater improvement (p<0.0001). Retrospective 303 remdesivir patients and 303 matched controls showing significantly faster clinical improvement, and lower (but not statistically significant) mortality.
Nov 3
2020
Flisiak et al., Polish Archives of Internal Medicine, doi:10.20452/pamw.15735 Remdesivir-based therapy improved recovery of patients with COVID-19 in the SARSTer multicentre, real-world study
49% lower mortality (p=0.18) and 56% greater improvement (p=0.01). Retrospective study comparing 122 remdesivir patients and 211 lopinavir/ritonavir patients, showing higher rates of clinical improvement with remdesivir and lower mortality (not statistically significant).
Oct 20
2020
El-Solh et al., Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, doi:10.1177/0885066621994476 (date from preprint) Clinical Course and Outcome of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Data From a National Repository
29% lower mortality (p=0.03). Retrospective 7,816 Veterans Affairs hospitalized patients showing lower mortality with remdesivir.
Oct 15
2020
SOLIDARITY Trial Consortium, NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2023184 (date from preprint) Repurposed antiviral drugs for COVID-19; interim WHO SOLIDARITY trial results
5% lower mortality (p=0.53). WHO SOLIDARITY open-label RCT with 2,750 very late stage (76% on oxygen/ventilation) remdesivir patients, mortality relative risk RR 0.95 [0.81-1.11], p=0.50. Non-ventilated patients show a greater benefit, RR 0.86 [0.72-1.04], p = 0.13.
Oct 8
2020
Beigel et al., NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2007764 Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 — Final Report
27% lower mortality (p=0.07) and 22% improved recovery (p=0.0005). RCT 1,062 hospitalized patients showing faster recovery time with treatment, median 10 days vs. 15 days for placebo, rate ratio for recovery 1.29, p<0.001. Day 29 mortality was 11.4% with remdesivir and 15.2% with placebo, hazard ratio HR..
Aug 28
2020
Fried et al., Clinical Infectious Disease, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1268 Patient Characteristics and Outcomes of 11,721 Patients with COVID19 Hospitalized Across the United States
61% lower mortality (p=0.02) and 37% higher ventilation (p=0.25). Database analysis of 11,721 hospitalized patients, 48 treated with remdesivir. Data inconsistencies have been found in this study, for example 99.4% of patients treated with HCQ were treated in urban hospitals, compared to 65% of untreate..
Aug 23
2020
Pasquini et al., Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, doi:10.1093/jac/dkaa321 Effectiveness of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19 under mechanical ventilation in an Italian ICU
16% lower mortality (p=0.03). Retrospective 51 ICU patients under mechanical ventilation, 25 treated with remdesivir, showing lower mortality with treatment.
Aug 21
2020
Spinner et al., JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.16349 Effect of Remdesivir vs Standard Care on Clinical Status at 11 Days in Patients With Moderate COVID-19A Randomized Clinical Trial
35% lower mortality (p=0.5). Late stage (median 8 days from symptom onset) RCT 584 patients with moderate COVID-19 showing (non-statistically significant) lower mortality. 5-day remdesivir had significantly higher odds of a better clinical status distribution on the ..
Jul 24
2020
Olender et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1041 Remdesivir for Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Versus a Cohort Receiving Standard of Care
59% lower mortality (p=0.001). Comparative analysis between remdesivir trial GS-US-540–5773 and a retrospective SOC cohort with similar inclusion criteria, showing lower mortality and higher recovery at day 14 with remdesivir.
Jun 30
2020
Dubert et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.093 Case report study of the first five COVID-19 patients treated with remdesivir in France
Early report on 5 ICU patients treated with remdesivir highlighting issues with usage in critically ill patients.
Jun 29
2020
Zhu et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.20136531 Efficacy and Safety of Remdesivir for COVID-19 Treatment: An Analysis of Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trials
36% lower mortality (p=0.02). Meta analysis of Beigel and Wang RCTs showing remdesivir significantly decreased mortality (8.18% vs. 12.70%, RR 0.64 [0.44-0.92], p = 0.175).
May 27
2020
Goldman et al., NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2015301 Remdesivir for 5 or 10 Days in Patients with Severe Covid-19
RCT of remdesivir for 5 or 10 days with no placebo control group, showing no significant differences between 5 and 10 day treatment. NCT04292899.
Apr 29
2020
Wang et al., Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31022-9 Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial
9% higher mortality (p=1). Small RCT with 237 hospitalized patients in China with severe COVID-19, not showing statistically significant benefits. 158 treatment patients and 79 control patients. While too small for significance, the subgroup treated within 10 days ..
Apr 10
2020
Grein et al., NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2007016 Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe Covid-19
Report on compassionate use of remdesivir with 61 severe COVID-19 patients, showing clinical improvement in 36 of 53 patients.
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